Solar panel disposal is becoming a growing concern as aging panels reach the end of their lifespan. With over 760 GW of solar capacity installed globally by 2020, millions of panels will soon require proper handling—and many people still don’t know how to dispose of solar panels safely and legally.
You can’t just toss them in the trash. Solar panels contain toxic materials, and improper disposal could lead to environmental harm and legal consequences.
The good news? Up to 96% of a solar panel’s materials—like glass, aluminum, and silicon—can be recycled or reused.
In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about solar panel disposal, including where to recycle old panels, the risks of landfill dumping, and how to stay compliant with regulations.
Key Takeaways: Solar Panel Disposal
Solar panel disposal starts with professional removal and safe storage. Use a certified recycler for proper handling. Crystalline silicon and thin-film panels are processed differently, but both allow recovery of up to 95% of materials, including glass, silicon, and precious metals, keeping toxic waste out of landfills.
Can You Recycle Solar Panels?
Yes, solar panels can be recycled—and up to 96% of their materials can be recovered through specialized recycling processes. Most solar panels are made of recyclable materials like glass, aluminum, silicon, copper, and silver, which can be separated and reused in new panels or electronics.
However, the recycling method depends on the type of solar panel.
Common Types of Solar Panels and Their Materials
Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Panels
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology is used in. These panels are mostly made of:
- 75% glass (front sheet)
- 10% polymers (encapsulants and backsheet)
- 8% aluminum (frame)
- 5% silicon (solar cells)
- Small amounts of silver, copper, tin, and lead
These materials are separated mechanically or thermally. In some facilities, silicon wafers are melted down and reclaimed, along with trace metals.
Thin-Film Solar Panels
These include:
- CdTe (cadmium telluride)
- CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide)
- a-Si (amorphous silicon)
are made of semiconducting layers deposited on glass, metal, or polymer substrates. Recycling involves dissolving or thermally processing the films to extract metals like indium, gallium, and cadmium.
Are Solar Panels Hard to Recycle?
Not exactly—but they require specialized facilities. While glass and metal are easy to recover, solar-grade silicon and certain coatings require high temperatures or chemical treatments to extract safely.
Are Solar Panels Toxic to Dispose Of?
Yes, solar panels can be toxic if improperly disposed of. Some panels contain hazardous substances like lead, cadmium, and selenium, which can leach into soil and water if dumped in landfills.Â
These materials are regulated as hazardous waste in many states, making it both unsafe and illegal to throw solar panels in the trash. Proper disposal ensures environmental safety and legal compliance.
� Bottom line: Nearly all components of solar panels can be recycled, but the process must be done at certified e-waste or solar-specific recycling centers.
How to Dispose of Solar Panels Safely and Effectively
If you have damaged, outdated, or end-of-life solar panels, recycling them properly is critical for environmental safety and regulatory compliance.Â
Here’s how the solar panel recycling process works for both homeowners and recycling facilities.
For Homeowners: What to Do With Old Solar Panels
If you’re replacing a home solar energy system, follow these steps to dispose of panels safely:
- Never attempt to uninstall panels yourself. Solar panels are heavy, electrically sensitive, and often located on rooftops. Hire a certified solar installer or electrician for removal.
- Store panels securely. Keep the panels in a dry place and cushion them with a blanket to avoid breakage before recycling.
- Contact a certified solar recycling facility. Look for recyclers who are R2 or e-Stewards certified to ensure safe, legal handling.
- Use a proper transport method. Place panels flat in your vehicle to avoid cracking, and confirm drop-off instructions with the recycling center.
- Document the disposal. Some programs offer proof of certified recycling or data on recovered materials.
The Solar Panel Recycling Process at the Recycling Facilities
There are two main types of solar panels�silicon-based (c-Si) and thin-film—each requiring a unique recycling approach.
Silicon-Based Solar Panel Recycling (Crystalline Silicon)
Over 90% of solar panels today use crystalline silicon (c-Si). Here’s how they’re recycled:
Step 1: Disassembly
Aluminum frames and glass covers are removed. 95% of the glass and 100% of the metal are typically recovered.
Step 2: Thermal Processing
Panels are heated to around 500°C (932°F). This burns off encapsulating plastics and loosens silicon wafers for recovery.
Step 3: Chemical Treatment
Silicon cells are treated with acid or alkaline solutions to remove impurities. Up to 85% of the silicon can be reclaimed and reused in new solar modules.
Bonus: Encapsulant Reuse
Even the burned plastic encapsulants can serve as a heat source for further processing.
Thin-Film Solar Panel Recycling
Used in flexible or building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), thin-film solar panels require more advanced processing:
Step 1: Shredding and Milling
Panels are shredded and reduced to 4�5mm particles, breaking the laminated structure.
Step 2: Separation
Solids and liquids are separated mechanically. Aluminum frames are removed beforehand for recovery.
Step 3: Metal Recovery
Liquids go through chemical processes to isolate and recover semiconductor metals like cadmium, indium, gallium, and tellurium. 95% of these metals can be salvaged.
Step 4: Glass Recovery
Solid particles are cleaned using a vibrating surface. After rinsing, 90% of the glass is recovered in clean form.
Solar panel recycling is complex, but effective. Whether you’re dealing with crystalline silicon or thin-film panels, up to 95% of materials can be reclaimed and reused—if the panels are handled through certified recycling channels.
Solar Panel Disposal Regulations: What Federal and State Laws Say
Solar panel disposal is regulated under both federal and state environmental laws. While solar panels were long overlooked by existing e-waste regulations, recent updates from the EPA and various state agencies now treat panels as regulated solid waste—especially when they contain hazardous materials like lead or cadmium.
Federal Regulations (EPA) Regarding Solar Panel Disposal
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) now classifies , which brings them under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). This means any hazardous components—such as heavy metals—must be processed by a certified hazardous waste handler.
While not all solar panels are automatically classified as hazardous waste, recyclers must test and handle panels accordingly, especially if they contain cadmium telluride (CdTe) or other toxic compounds.
State Regulations
Some states go further than federal law. For example:
- California classifies solar panels as under its Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), simplifying but strictly regulating disposal.
- Other states, like Washington and New Jersey, have introduced solar-specific take-back programs or e-waste mandates.
Industry Best Practices
The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) promotes a voluntary recycling network and urges manufacturers to adopt standardized .
This industry-wide initiative aims to make solar panel disposal more efficient, traceable, and eco-friendly across all 50 states.
Where to Dispose of Solar Panels Responsibly (Drop-Off, Mail-In, and Manufacturer Options)
If you’re wondering where to dispose of solar panels, you have several safe and legal options—depending on your location, panel condition, and local regulations.Â
Here are the most common and reliable solar panel disposal methods:
1. Certified E-Waste Recycling Centers
Look for local e-waste facilities that accept solar panels. These centers are usually certified under R2 or e-Stewards standards, ensuring safe handling of toxic materials like cadmium, lead, and selenium.
đź’ˇ Tip: Not all e-waste centers accept solar panels, so call ahead to confirm and ask about hazardous waste handling.
2. Nationwide Mail-In Recycling Programs
Some third-party recyclers offer mail-in programs where you can ship old solar panels for safe disposal. These are ideal if you live far from a recycling center or need to dispose of just a few panels.
You’ll typically need to:
- Package panels securely
- Cover shipping costs
- Schedule via the recycler’s website
🔍 Search terms like “mail-in solar panel recycling near me� to find certified providers.
3. Manufacturer Take-Back Programs
Some solar manufacturers offer panel take-back programs as part of their Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) commitments. These programs allow you to return old or damaged panels directly to the company for proper recycling or refurbishment.
Popular examples include:
- First Solar (specializes in thin-film panel recycling)
- SunPower and Tesla (selective participation; check availability)
🛠� Call your manufacturer or installer to see if a program is available for your panel brand.
4. State or Local Hazardous Waste Collection Events
In states like California, old solar panels may be classified as Universal Waste, meaning you can drop them off at county-run hazardous waste events.
These programs may:
- Offer limited hours or collection days
- Require advance registration
- Restrict panel types or quantities
đź“ž Check with your local waste management agency or Department of Environmental Protection for event schedules.
How to Find Certified Solar Panel Recycling Centers Near You
If you’ve replaced an old or damaged solar panel, it’s important to choose a certified recycler—not just any company that claims to handle e-waste. Unfortunately, some recyclers focus only on extracting valuable materials and then illegally ship the remaining toxic waste overseas, contributing to environmental damage and pollution.
To avoid this, always use a registered and certified recycling provider, such as one listed in the Green Directory.
Use the Green Directory to Find Nearby Solar Panel Recycling Centers
Just enter your ZIP code and select “solar panels� as the item type. The directory will show only vetted, certified recyclers—helping you make an informed, eco-friendly decision and avoid greenwashing.
Solar Panel Recycling with GreenCitizen (Bay Area Drop-Off + U.S. Mail-In)
Looking for a certified and eco-friendly way to dispose of old solar panels? GreenCitizen offers solar panel recycling for just $1.50 per pound, helping Bay Area residents and businesses recycle responsibly—without the guesswork.
We accept intact solar panels only. Minor cosmetic damage like scratches or scuffs is fine, but we cannot accept panels that are cracked, shattered, or broken.
Solar Panel Recycling in the San Francisco Bay Area
You can drop off your panels at our Burlingame Eco Center.
We’re open Monday to Saturday. Just bring your panels, and we’ll handle the rest�ethically, locally, and safely.
Why Recycle Solar Panels with GreenCitizen?
- Only $1.50/lb � A cost-effective, sustainable solution
- Trusted Since 2005 � Serving 400,000+ residents and 70,000+ businesses
- Certified Compliance � We follow all local, state, and federal regulations
- No Overseas Dumping � All processing handled domestically
- Two Convenient Options:
- Drop-off in Burlingame
- Mail-in service available for U.S. residents
Why Is Solar Panel Recycling So Difficult? (Challenges and What You Can Do)
While solar panel recycling is becoming more advanced, the process still faces significant technical and economic challenges. These obstacles highlight why it’s critical to use certified solar recyclers who follow environmentally sound practices.
1. Complex Material Composition
Solar panels are built to withstand decades of heat, moisture, and weathering. That durability makes them difficult to dismantle.
Most panels are made of:
- Glass, aluminum, silver, and copper
- Silicon cells bonded with plastics and polymers
- Tight lamination that resists separation and contamination
While this robust design protects the panel during use, it makes disassembly and material recovery labor-intensive and costly.
2. Difficult-to-Separate Layers
Removing the aluminum frame and external wiring is straightforward. But separating the glass front from the silicon and polymer layers underneath is a technical challenge.
Grinding, thermal processing, or chemical treatments are required to:
- Break down silicon wafers
- Extract precious metals (like silver)
- Avoid contaminating recovered glass and plastics
These steps require specialized equipment and careful handling to prevent toxic byproducts or waste contamination.
3. Cost vs. Value Imbalance
Today, recycling a solar panel often costs more than the materials are worth. Many uncertified recyclers focus only on extracting valuable metals, while illegally discarding the rest—often overseas.
This is why proper solar panel disposal should always be handled by registered, transparent recyclers who process 100% of the panel�not just the profitable parts.
Solar panel recycling is possible—but not simple. It requires trained professionals, specialized machinery, and a commitment to environmentally responsible disposal. By using certified recyclers, you help close the loop safely and sustainably.
Why Proper Solar Panel Disposal Is Critical for the Environment and Economy
As solar energy adoption grows, so does the need for responsible end-of-life disposal of solar panels. While photovoltaic (PV) modules generate zero emissions during use, they become e-waste after 25�40 years—and improper disposal can cause long-term harm.
Here’s why solar panel recycling is essential:
1. Prevent Environmental Damage
Many solar panels contain toxic materials like lead, cadmium, and selenium. If sent to landfills, these substances can leach into soil and water, threatening ecosystems and human health. Proper recycling prevents this contamination and ensures safe extraction and handling of hazardous components.
2. Recover Valuable and Rare Materials
Solar panels contain valuable metals such as silver, copper, and rare earth elements used in solar cells and electronics. Recovering these reduces the need for destructive mining, lowers production costs, and supports a circular economy for the renewable energy sector.
3. Reduce the Impact of Raw Material Extraction
Glass, aluminum, and silicon—major components of most panels—require high-energy, high-emission mining processes. Recycling these materials conserves energy, reduces emissions, and helps preserve natural resources.
4. Unlock Economic Benefits
Recycling solar panels isn’t just good for the planet—it’s becoming economically viable. Extracting metals and reusable materials from decommissioned panels is often cheaper and cleaner than sourcing raw materials. As technology improves, recycling efficiency and profitability are expected to rise even further.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Yes, even old solar panels are worth recycling. They contain rare metals like silver, indium, and tellurium that can be salvaged, as well as aluminum, copper, and glass that can be recycled and reused in new manufacturing.
You can get rid of old solar panels by selling them, giving them away, finding a scrap dealer who will take them, or paying for them to be recycled. After 30 years of service life, their power rating may not be enough for your home, but someone can still use them to charge an e-bike.
When solar panels end their service life, with a little luck, they become photovoltaic (PV) waste which can be recycled. Silicon-based modules consist of about 76% glass, 10% plastic, 8% aluminum, 5% silicon, and 1% rare metals. Current technologies reach 96% of recycling efficiency.
After 25 years, the efficiency of solar panels inevitably drops. If you maintain them properly, they may still work after 25 and even 30 years. However, if the output voltage drops way too low to power up the inverter, your panel has reached its end of life and needs to be recycled.
Make the Right Choice for Solar Panel Disposal
Improper solar panel disposal puts toxic materials like lead, cadmium, and selenium at risk of leaching into soil and water—harming the environment and public health. It also wastes valuable resources like glass, aluminum, silver, and rare earth elements that could be recovered and reused.
Instead of letting your panel become hazardous e-waste, choose a certified recycling solution that protects both people and the planet.
If you’re in the Bay Area, drop off your intact solar panels at GreenCitizen’s Burlingame Eco Center. We’ll make sure every component is processed responsibly�not dumped overseas, and never sent to a landfill.
